The question
Does peace require everyone to want peace?
No. Peace can persist when institutions and credible defence make aggression less attractive than restraint or bargaining - even for an actor that prefers conflict.
The unseen LeverPeace does not require identical intentions when the system changes the expected payoff from aggression while preserving credible alternatives to escalation.
How peace can holdOne decision at a time
- 01An aggressor compares attack with restraint
- 02Collective defence raises expected resistance
- 03Institutions make responses more predictable
- 04Aggression becomes less attractive
- 05Restraint can remain the better choice
Expected payoffDeterrenceCredible commitmentCollective defenceSecurity dilemma